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	<title>Menarik &#187; Research</title>
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	<link>http://www.menarik.co.uk</link>
	<description>my kind of interesting</description>
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		<title>information systems research: describe, critique or design?</title>
		<link>http://www.menarik.co.uk/2010/02/information-systems-research-describe-critique-or-design/</link>
		<comments>http://www.menarik.co.uk/2010/02/information-systems-research-describe-critique-or-design/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Feb 2010 13:58:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paul Matthews</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[is]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[theory]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.menarik.co.uk/?p=313</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[At what level does IS research work best? This post argues for more direct involvement in design from the research community.
(image flickr/talios)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I sometimes find it hard to see the practical value of some IS research.  Researchers argue for a well-supported theoretical angle, come up with a pragmatic method and may present interesting observations and insights into the particular system that has been investigated. When it comes to design recommendations arising from the research, however, these often seem trite or added as an afterthought. </p>
<p>If theory and research are meant to inform practice, recommendations need to be current, relevant,  and actionable. This can be hard to achieve in a domain that develops so quickly. Checkland (1998) observed a while ago how it is very hard for theory to keep up and be informative, thereby failing to match the &#8220;ideal&#8221; dynamic:</p>
<div id="attachment_320" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 510px"><img src="http://www.menarik.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/checkland_cycle.png" alt="Checkland&#039;s 'ideal' dynamic for theory informing practice" title="checkland_cycle" width="500"  class="size-full wp-image-320" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Checkland's ideal for theory informing practice</p></div>
<p>Whilst a range of research-theoretical stances can be taken, justified and accepted by the research community, only some seem to be close enough to practice to usefully inform it. This is where the researchers are either experimenting directly through design, or are involved enough to really engage with the language, problems and possible solutions in the domain. So I would favour interpretive or action research approaches in this regard:</p>
<div id="attachment_326" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 510px"><img src="http://www.menarik.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/levels1.png" alt="Levels of engagement and theoretical stance (based on Aakhus &amp; Jackson (2005))" title="levels" width="500"  class="size-full wp-image-326" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Levels of engagement and theoretical stance (based on Aakhus &#038; Jackson (2005))</p></div>
<p>Whilst the more descriptive, long view can still be valuable, it is hard to <em>realise</em> this value unless the knowledge gained is acted on by those implementing new designs and approaches. As they are the ones reading the research, this should perhaps be the research community itself in the first instance. Design improvement can then be further communicated through demonstrators, but these need to be compelling enough to be taken seriously.</p>
<p><strong>References</strong></p>
<p>1. Aakhus, M. and Jackson, S., 2005. Technology, Interaction and Design. In: Fitch, K.L. and Sanders, R.E.( eds) <em>Handbook of Language and Social Interaction</em>. LEA, pp. 411-433<br />
2. Checkland, P .and Holwell ,S.  1998.  <em>Information, Systems and Information Systems: Making Sense of the Field</em>  John Wiley &#038; Sons, Inc. New York, NY, USA</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Online Information 2009 &#8211; A Twitter Timeline</title>
		<link>http://www.menarik.co.uk/2009/12/online-information-2009-a-twitter-timeline/</link>
		<comments>http://www.menarik.co.uk/2009/12/online-information-2009-a-twitter-timeline/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Dec 2009 18:42:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paul Matthews</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Meetings]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[#online09]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[conferences]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[twitter]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.menarik.co.uk/?p=269</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[An interactive timeline of tweets from Onine Information 2009]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It was disappointing to miss <a href="http://www.online-information.co.uk/index.html">Online Information</a> this year, so I have been trying to catch up via the Twitter stream. Fortunately the #online09 tweets have been archived to <a href="http://twapperkeeper.com/online09/">Twapper Keeper</a> (via <a href="http://twitter.com/briankelly">@briankelly</a>). This is great, as the site makes them downloadable. </p>
<p>To see them in the context of the conference programme, I converted the tweets and the event schedule  to XML suitable for display in a <a href="http://www.simile-widgets.org/timeline/">Simile Timeline</a>. Click the screenshot below to access the resulting <a href="http://www.menarik.co.uk/tweetline">timeline mashup</a> (nb tweets take a few seconds to load).</p>
<p> <a href="http://www.menarik.co.uk/tweetline"><img src="http://www.menarik.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/tweetline_cap.png" alt="tweetline_cap" title="tweetline_cap" width="500" height="253" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-271" style="clear:both;" /></a></p>
<p><strong>What would have made this exercise easier, and the conference tweets easier to track</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>If the conference programme had been published in a more mashable format eg iCal / XML</li>
<li>If there was a way to identify a particular conference track (a sub hashtag? &#8211; or is that overkill?)</li>
<li>A way to distinguish critical comments, reportage, and general flim-flam. Though perhaps that is part of the fun!</li>
</ul>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Bristol Community Twitterati</title>
		<link>http://www.menarik.co.uk/2009/11/bristol-community-twitterati/</link>
		<comments>http://www.menarik.co.uk/2009/11/bristol-community-twitterati/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2009 14:54:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paul Matthews</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[network analysis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[social graph]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[twitter]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.menarik.co.uk/?p=227</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[An analysis of the Bristol "twolar system"..]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Last week I downloaded a partial dataset of Twitter users reporting their location as Bristol. I started from the Bristol Social Media group&#8217;s &#8220;<a href="http://twitter.com/brrism">brrism</a>&#8221; ID and retrieved friends, followed by friends of their friends. This resulted in a set of 793 Bristol-based IDs, with 9241 friend links between them.</p>
<p>The graphic below shows the Bristolian IDs with the most friends who are also located in Bristol. The most highly connected accounts are in red towards the centre. The highest number of Bristolian friends was 183 (<a href="http://twitter.com/bristolnews">bristolnews</a>), with the average number 11, though stats like this of course ignore the fact that many people don&#8217;t report their location (or do report it as lat/long). An initial look shows that &#8220;traditional&#8221; media corporate &ndash; and individual &ndash; IDs are well linked in, but that social and creative orgs. and those backed by online community sites are also among the most popular.</p>
<p><img src="http://www.menarik.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/brizzle_twitterati.png" alt="Subgraph of most connected IDs" title="brizzle_twitterati" width="750"  class="size-full wp-image-237" /></p>
<p>When I get time, the plan is to categorise IDs by sector and by individual / corporate (though there is a large number of in-betweens). There are also signs that the accounts are organised into four distinct clusters and it will be interesting to see if there is any discernible basis to this.</p>
<p>Here is a <a href="http://www.wordle.net">Wordle</a> of the user bios. Not too many surprises here &ndash; a good overview of Bristol&#8217;s online creative community &ndash; though the prominence of tea was interesting (23 mentions) in comparison to coffee (8) !</p>
<p><img src="http://www.menarik.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/biowordle.png" alt="biowordle" title="biowordle" width="823" height="537" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-243" /></p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Information systems and theory : adhocracy v pluralism</title>
		<link>http://www.menarik.co.uk/2009/02/information-systems-and-theory-adhocracy-v-pluralism/</link>
		<comments>http://www.menarik.co.uk/2009/02/information-systems-and-theory-adhocracy-v-pluralism/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Feb 2009 10:35:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paul Matthews</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Research]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[is]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[theory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[visualisation]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.menarik.co.uk/?p=120</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Some exploratory work to get an overview of the IS field and to explore the range, origin  and utility of theories applied by IS researchers in their work. 

Image:<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/chrisjfry/">chrisjfry<a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;ve been doing a bit of work to make sense of the range and scope of theories applied to understand and explain phenomena in  information systems research. </p>
<p>Early on, I came across the <a href="http://www.fsc.yorku.ca/york/istheory/wiki/index.php/Main_Page">IS Theories wiki</a>, which provided a good starting point. Because the pages link related theories, I was able to generate a network graph using the  <a href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/socialaction/">Social Action software</a> from the University of Maryland. Depending on your point of view, this either illustrates the fragmentation &#8211; or celebrates the diversity &#8211; of the IS field of study.</p>
<div id="attachment_264" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 780px"><a href="http://www.menarik.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/is_theories.png"><img src="http://www.menarik.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/is_theories-1024x512.png" alt="Theories used in IS research (IS Theories wiki)" title="is_theories" width="770"  class="size-medium wp-image-264" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Theories used in IS research (IS Theories wiki)</p></div>
<p>Applying the communities algorithm gave me a rough clustering of the theories (only as good as the relation definitions in the wiki, of course!).  This seems to suggest approximate groupings of theories originating from social science, economics, IS itself (but with external influences), business / management and some that I have called longitudinal. The most strongly connected theory was that of &#8220;<a href="http://www.fsc.yorku.ca/york/istheory/wiki/index.php/Organizational_knowledge_creation">organisational knowledge creation</a>&#8220;. Looking at the types of problem domain to which the theories have been applied,  <a href="http://www.fsc.yorku.ca/york/istheory/wiki/index.php/Adaptive_structuration_theory">adaptive structuration</a> was most widely applied by researchers in the papers quoted.</p>
<p>A number of papers discuss the heterogeneity of theory applied to information systems and either decry the apparent lack of coherent theoretical core or take the perspective that variety, dynamism and change come with the territory (Galliers,2004; Hirschheim &#038; Klein, 2003; Larson &#038; Levine, 2005). A systems approach based on critical realism is a recent attempt at inclusivity (Mora et al, 2007)</p>
<p>We had some discussion at <a href="http://www.uwe.ac.uk/cems/index.html">ISDM</a> on this, amongst a range of colleagues, many with a grounding in classic IS research of the 80&#8217;s and 90&#8217;s and some newer to the field. Experience aside, we differ quite a lot in our perspectives on this debate, with some tending toward practice-based research and some advocating a broader and higher view &#8211; and blaming the former for the lack of cohesion. Perhaps the debate has moved on somewhat now, from whether or not IS is in crisis, to admitting that it may not even be helpful to consider it as a field. A community of communities may be a better way to conceive it (Klein &#038; Hirschheim, 2008). On that basis, we perhaps need to concentrate more on communication, community building and cross-disciplinary understanding.</p>
<p>Here is a <a href="http://www.mindmeister.com/15786150">seminar mindmap</a> generated during our discussion.</p>
<p><strong>Refs</strong><br />
Galliers, R. (2004). Change as crisis or growth? Toward a trans-disciplinary view of information systems as a field of study: A response to Benbasat and Zmud’s call for returning to the IT artifact. JAIS, 4(7), 337-351.</p>
<p>Hirschheim, R., &#038; Klein, H. (2003). Crisis in the IS field? A critical reflection on the state of the discipline. JAIS, 4(10), 237-293.</p>
<p>IS Theories wiki: http://www.fsc.yorku.ca/york/istheory/wiki/index.php</p>
<p>Klein, H.K. and Hirschheim, R., 2008. The structure of the IS discipline reconsidered: Implications and reflections from a community of practice perspective. Inf.Organ., 18(4), pp. 280-302</p>
<p>Larson, T., &#038; Levine, J. (2005). Searching for Management Information Systems: Coherence and Change in the Discipline. Information Systems Journal, 15, pp. 357-381.</p>
<p>Mora, M., Gelman, O., Forgionne, G., Petkov, D. and Cano, J., 2007. Integrating the Fragmented Pieces of IS research Paradigms and Frameworks: A systems Approach. Information Resources Management Journal, 20(2), pp.1-22., 20(2), pp. 1-22</p>
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